Books Summary by Bibliophile Parul

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Please click on the below Link for Motivational Books Summary by Bibliophile Parul





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5G Deployment Option-3/3a/3x

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Home                 LTE                NB-IoT            5G(NR-NSA)   Hi Guys today we are learning about 5G deployment options, if you want to know more about other 5G deployment option please  click here Option 3: EN-DC (EUTRA-NR Dual Connectivity) Option 3 represents a network having both LTE and NR radio access, but using only the EPC core of LTE to route the Control signals. In this option, LTE is used as the control plane anchor for NR, and both LTE and NR are used for user data traffic.(user plane). It could also be called as Non-Standalone (NSA) NR in Evolved Packet System. The only difference between Options 3 and 3A is based on whether the user plane data is sent to NR directly or via the LTE RAN. This standardization was concluded in 3GPP Rel-15. This is a possible first step in the migration towards 5G-SA. This option will be most attractive for operators which have early deployments of 5G NR access systems in areas where legacy eNB and EPC a
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DRX (Discontinuous Reception)

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Home                 LTE                NB-IoT            5G(NR-NSA)   What is DRX and DRX active period? What channels does it monitor in active period? Data transmission between UE and their base stations(eNodeB) uses radio frames with10ms duration, where in each radio frame consists of 10 1ms( 1 frame=10ms duration=10 subframe) subframes. Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) at the beginning of each subframe indicates whether there is data for UE to receive or not. Devices has to monitor these PDCCHs in each subframe so that it can find out whether they carry any data to receive. Because devices do not receive data in every subframe, this monitoring process naturally leads to high battery consumption.  What is the purpose of DRX? The main purpose of DRX is to lower battery consumption when there is no UL/DL data. means, when there is no traffic(DL/UL) that time devices enter into sleep mode (with RF module turned off) for some period of time as configured by
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Soft Handover vs Hard Handover

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Home                 LTE                NB-IoT            5G(NR-NSA) Now before we move to other things like measurements in handover, handover decision, handover procedure, handover interruption time, and mobility robustness optimization, let us take a look into difference between soft handover and hard handover. Soft Handover Hard Handover The handover in which radio links are added and removed in a way that MS always keeps at least one radio link to the UTRAN is known as soft handover. The handover in which all the old radio links in MS are removed before the new radio links are established is known as hard handover. This can also be simplified as make before break This can also be simplified as break before make As call drop rate is lower this handover is used to lower the rate of call drop. In this case higher rates of call drops are found Why soft handover is not included
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5G abbreviations

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Home                 LTE                NB-IoT            5G(NR-NSA)   As per readers request this article is based on some 5G abbreviations (PCell,spCell,Scell,PSCell,MCG.SCG,Master-Node,Secondary-Node) for better understanding. What is Master Node? Master node:  The node (radio access node) that provides the control plane connection to the core network in case of multi radio dual connectivity (MR-DC). For example, it can be master eNB in EN-DC, a Master ng-eNB in NGEN-DC What is Secondary Node? Secondary node:   the radio access node, with no control plane connection to the core network, providing additional resources to the UE in case of MR-DC. For example, It may be an en-gNB in EN-DC or a Secondary ng-eNB (in NE-DC). What is MCG? MCG: Master Cell group It is a group of serving cells associated with the Master Node, comprising of the PCell   and optionally one or more Scells.  (see figure shown above) MCG and SCG are concepts under
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PRACH Basic-3

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Home                 LTE                NB-IoT               5G(NR-NSA) In this section we will learn about PRACH Preamble Format and its basics as well as interview questions. Random access with NR supports different PRACH formats and numerologies to cope up with different deployments. The random access sequences themselves are based on the preamble format. Preamble Format: (Qus: How many new preamble format are introduce by 3gpp in NSA or SA case?) In 5G NSA or SA cases, there are 13 types of preamble format for FR1/FR2 and they are known as Format 0/1/2/3, Format A1/A2/A3, Format B1/B2/B3/B4, Format C0/C2. These 13 types of preamble format can be categorized into two categories: • Sequence length of L = 139, with subcarrier spacing of 15, 30, 60, and 120 kHz. These can be solutions for different coverage situations. • Sequence length of L = 839, with subcarrier spacing of 1.25 kHz and 5 kHz. This sequence can be used for very large cells (up to 100 km). (Qu
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DC Carrier in NR

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Home                 LTE                NB-IoT               5G(NR-NSA) In this article, we will learn the basics of DC Carrier and why it is needed. Why in NR, DC subcarrier is not reserved like LTE? With legacy LTE (4G) it was decided that all devices (UE) should be capable of the maximum carrier bandwidth of 20MHz (UE can also support 10/15/5/3 MHz). This was a reasonable assumption at the time given the relatively modest bandwidth compared to NR, Whereas NR is designed to support very wide bandwidths up to 400MHz (for FR2) and 100Mhz (for FR1) for a single carrier. As well as NR supports multiple numerologies on the same transmitted carrier frequency. It is not necessary that all devices can support up to 400 MHz Bandwidth, hence in NR BWP concept is introduced. (To learn more about BWP Click here ). Note: in the above and below NR case figure, we assume that for each and every BWP have configured some  txDirectCurrentLocation  value.     As shown in the a
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HARQ RTT Timer

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Home                 LTE                NB-IoT            5G(NR-NSA)   Hi guys today we are focus on HARQ RTT timer in DL as well as UL for LTE and NB-IOT. What is HARQ RTT Timer? This parameter specifies the min amount of TTIs before a DL HARQ retransmission is expected by the UE. (3GPP TS 36.321 V8.0.0) Simple way to understand: the HARQ Round Trip Time (RTT) timer is defined for UE to sleep during HARQ RTT. When decoding DL TB for one HARQ fails, UE can next retransmission TB after at least HARQ RTT sub frames. While HARQ RTT timer is running, UE need not monitor PDCCH. At HARQ RTT timer expiry, UE resumes PDCCH reception. Two type of HARQ RTT timer is there. HARQ RTT Timer : This parameter specifies the minimum number of subframe(s) before a DL HARQ retransmission is expected by the MAC entity. (3GPP TS 36.321 version 13.3.0 Release 13) UL HARQ RTT Timer : This parameter specifies the minimum amount of subframe(s) before a UL HARQ retransmission grant is e
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